| CNC Milling | 3-axis, 4-axis and 5-axis machining for prismatic, contoured and multi-sided components; common work-envelope sizes range from small precision parts to approximately 1,000 mm or more per axis. | Geometry & access | Confirm the number of controlled axes, machine travel, spindle speed, tool capacity, maximum workpiece weight and whether parts can be completed in one setup. |
| CNC Turning | Suitable for shafts, bushings, pins, rings and other rotational parts; typical turning diameters are approximately 5–600 mm, depending on machine size. | Round components | Check maximum turning diameter, turning length, bar-feeding range, chuck size, live tooling and the ability to perform drilling, threading and milling in the same cycle. |
| Mill-Turn Production | Combines milling and turning operations on one machine to reduce setup count and improve feature-to-feature alignment. | Fewer setups | Ask whether the equipment supports simultaneous multi-axis interpolation, sub-spindles, bar feeders and automated part transfer. |
| Swiss-Type Turning | Designed for small-diameter, long, slender or high-volume parts; commonly used for diameters below approximately 32 mm, although larger capacities are available. | Small precision parts | Verify guide-bushing capability, minimum and maximum diameter, supported bar lengths, secondary operations and production-volume suitability. |
| Electrical Discharge Machining | Wire EDM is commonly used for hard conductive materials and intricate profiles; sinker EDM is used for cavities, sharp internal features and difficult-to-machine geometries. | Complex details | Confirm achievable wire diameter, taper capability, maximum workpiece size, typical accuracy, surface-finish options and material conductivity requirements. |
| Dimensional Tolerance | General CNC work often falls around ±0.05 mm; tighter production requirements may reach approximately ±0.01 mm or better when material, geometry, equipment and inspection conditions are controlled. | Fit & function | Request a tolerance chart, sample inspection report and clarification of whether tolerances apply to linear dimensions, form, position or assembled features. |
| Surface Finish | As-machined surfaces commonly range from approximately Ra 1.6–6.3 µm; fine machining, grinding or polishing can achieve lower roughness values. | Performance & appearance | Specify Ra or Rz values, measurement direction, inspection method, masking requirements and whether finishing is performed in-house or outsourced. |
| Material Coverage | Common materials include aluminum alloys, stainless steels, carbon steels, tool steels, brass, copper, titanium alloys, engineering plastics and high-performance polymers. | Application suitability | Require material grade, heat-lot traceability, mechanical-property documentation and confirmation that the selected grade is available for the planned quantity. |
| Heat Treatment | Typical options include annealing, stress relieving, quenching and tempering, case hardening, nitriding and solution or aging treatments for selected alloys. | Strength & durability | Define hardness range, treatment standard, distortion limits, post-treatment machining allowance and the required certificate from the treatment provider. |
| Surface Treatment | Common treatments include anodizing, electroless nickel plating, zinc or nickel plating, passivation, black oxide, powder coating, polishing and bead blasting. | Protection & finish | Confirm coating thickness, color tolerance, corrosion requirements, dimensional buildup, masked areas and applicable environmental restrictions. |
| Inspection Equipment | A capable quality system may include coordinate-measuring machines, optical measurement systems, height gauges, micrometers, surface-roughness testers and calibrated gauges. | Measurement confidence | Check equipment accuracy, calibration status, measurement software, inspection-room controls and whether first-article or in-process inspection is available. |
| Quality Documentation | Typical documents include dimensional inspection reports, material certificates, certificates of conformity, process records and nonconformance reports. | Traceability | Agree on document format, sampling plan, record-retention period, revision control and approval requirements before production starts. |
| Prototype Production | Low-quantity CNC production can support design validation, assembly checks and functional testing without dedicated hard tooling. | Fast validation | Compare programming fees, minimum order quantity, prototype lead time, design-for-machining feedback and the process for converting prototypes to production. |
| Low- to Medium-Volume Production | CNC machining is well suited to repeat orders ranging from tens to several thousand parts, depending on part complexity, automation and inspection requirements. | Flexible supply | Evaluate capacity planning, fixture strategy, repeatability, batch-size economics, safety-stock options and the ability to support engineering changes. |
| High-Volume Production | Higher volumes may require automated loading, pallet systems, dedicated fixtures, multi-machine cells or a combination of CNC and secondary processes. | Unit-cost control | Request capacity calculations, cycle-time data, automation details, preventive-maintenance controls and a continuity plan for equipment downtime. |
| CAD/CAM File Support | Common engineering formats include STEP, IGES, Parasolid, DXF and native CAD files; drawings should include material, tolerances, finish and revision information. | Data accuracy | Confirm file-version compatibility, secure file transfer, drawing review procedures, revision control and protection of confidential design information. |
| Design for Manufacturability | Useful feedback covers tool access, minimum internal radii, deep cavities, thin walls, hole-depth ratios, datums, burr control and tolerance stack-up. | Lower risk | Check whether manufacturability feedback is included before quotation and whether proposed changes require buyer approval. |
| Production Lead Time | Prototype and standard repeat orders may range from several business days to several weeks; material availability, finishing and inspection commonly affect the schedule. | Delivery planning | Separate quotation, material procurement, machining, finishing, inspection and shipping time, and request milestone dates for critical orders. |
| Packaging & Export Readiness | Machined parts may require corrosion protection, individual wrapping, separated layers, shock protection and export documentation appropriate to the destination. | Transit protection | Specify packaging materials, labeling, carton limits, moisture protection, pallet requirements, shipping terms and responsibility for import documentation. |
| Commercial Evaluation | A meaningful comparison should include piece price, tooling or fixture charges, setup costs, inspection fees, finishing, packaging, freight and payment terms. | Total landed cost | Compare equivalent quantities, specifications, delivery terms and quality requirements rather than comparing unit prices alone. |